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mansongeの「ニッポン民俗学」
Mansonge's "Japanese Folklore"
宗教以前の宗教--日本の祭りのために
A "religion" before a religion --- To a festival of Japan sake
宗教(religion)とは、後世の概念である。人々がそれまで意識せず連綿と過ごして来た「宗教」的な生活を脱したあと、ようやく生み出された概念だ。それまでの無意識の「宗教」的生活とは、エリアーデの言う永遠回帰する霊的な生活のことである。
Religion (religion) is the concept in future generations. After escaping from "religion"-life which people were not conscious of till then and have passed continuously, it is the concept produced at last. The unconscious till then "religion"-life is a spiritual life which Mircea Eliade, says and which carries out eternal return.
その宗教以前の「宗教」を、後世の概念と区別するため、「古代聖俗観」と名づけておこう。「古代聖俗観」は後世の宗教のように選び取るものではない。それは絶対的な先入観としての世界認識であり、生きることと同義である。日々を、一生を支えている無意識の「価値」観である。それは生活スタイルや生活価値と不可分に結びついていた。
In order to distinguish the "religion" before the religion from the concept in future generations, I will name it "an ancient sacred-and-profane view." "An ancient sacred-and-profane view" is not selected like the religion in future generations. It is world recognition as an absolute prejudice, and it is equal to living. It is unconscious "value" view which supports the lifetime for every day. It was connected indivisible from a life style or life value.
さて、日本人においては、夙の昔のこの「古代聖俗観」の残り火が現代でも失われていないらしい。つまり、古代以来の永遠回帰する霊的な生活が、たとえそれが残り火としてであってもなお続いていると言うことだ。それが証拠に、現代日本人が信仰する宗教を問われたら、何と答えるのだろう。大半は、無宗教と。あえて選べと言われれば、仏教ないし神道と言うだろう。しかし、真実はそうではないだろう。実はこの人たちには、いまだに「古代聖俗観」が生きている。だからこそ、一生あるいは一年の行事に際して、様々な宗教様式を選んで心底の矛盾はないのである。初詣や結婚式は神道、葬式や先祖供養は仏教、といったぐあいに。
Now, seemingly, in Japanese people, the embers of this "ancient sacred-and-profane view" of the ancient times are not lost for the present age, either. That is, the spiritual life of ancient since which carries out eternal return will be saying that it continues in addition, even if it is as embers. As what is it answered if it has proof asked about the religion in which a present age Japanese believes? Most is that it is irreligious. If dare choose is said, it will be called Buddhism or Shintoism. However, probably, truth will not be so. In fact, to these men, "the ancient sacred-and-profane view" is still valid. Therefore, on the occasion of a lifetime or one year of event, various religion styles are chosen and there is no sincere inconsistency. That is, the first visit in the year to a shrine and a marriage ceremony follow Shintoism, a funeral and the performance of ancestral rites follow Buddhism.
それ故、このような日本人には、宗教宗派の分類は無意味だ。心の奥底に「古代聖俗観」が流れてさえいれば、わが「信仰」なのだ。それは名づけられもしない無意識で絶対的な先入観。「日本」という枠組みがある限り、おそらくこの「古代聖俗観」は存続するのだろう。ふつう伝統とか民俗とか呼ばれるものが。(それは信仰ですらない。なぜなら、無意識であるからだ。)
So, to such a Japanese, the classification of a religion cult is meaningless. If "an ancient sacred-and-profane view" flows in the depth of the heart and is clear and is in it, it will be my "faith." It is named and it is the unconscious and absolute prejudice which is not. As long as there is the framework "Japan", probably this "ancient sacred-and-profane view" will be continued. Tradition, folk customs, and the thing called usually. (There is no it even at faith. It is because it is unconscious.)
だから日本人の宗教は神道ではない。もちろん仏教でもない。では神仏習合か。いや、これも不正確な表現だ。それらはすべて表層的な姿や形にすぎず、「信仰」の中身ではない(だからこそ神仏習合が可能だったのだが)。日本人は家で神棚や仏壇に手を合わせ、儒教や道教の約束事などを気にしながら、あまたの寺社や教会に詣でる。しかしいつも心はそれらの宗教には向かっていない。違うものを「信仰」している。
Therefore, a Japanese religion is not Shintoism. Of course, it is not Buddhism, either. Then, is it harmonization of Shinto and Buddhism? No, this is also an inaccurate expression. It does not pass over them all in surface-a figure or a form, and they are not the contents of "faith" (therefore, harmonization of Shinto and Buddhism was possible). Japanese people visit a plentiful temple company and a plentiful church, praying to a household Shinto altar or a Buddhist altar with its hands joined at home, and caring about the promise thing of Confucianism or Taoism etc. However, the heart is never tending toward those religion. "It believes" in what [ different ].
神道はこの「古代聖俗観」を基に成り立っているが、「古代聖俗観」そのものではない。また、「古代聖俗観」は常に同一の「信仰」でもない。時代精神にともにその内容要素は盛衰し、かつ変化してきた。さらに、現代では「古代聖俗観」の残り方に個人差が大きくある。
Although Shintoism is realized based on this "ancient sacred-and-profane view", it is not the "ancient sacred-and-profane view" itself. Moreover, "an ancient sacred-and-profane view" is not always same "faith", either. The rise and fall of the contents element both were carried out to the spirit of the age, and it has changed to it. Furthermore, in the present age, individual difference is in how depending on which "an ancient sacred-and-profane view" remains greatly.
(仏教について一言。多くの日本人にとって、仏教もそんな「古代聖俗観」の一要素にすぎない。しかし、字義どおりの宗教として仏教を受け入れた日本人もいる。その人たちは日本人の「古代聖俗観」を呪術として峻拒してきた。因みに、キリスト教についても同様で二種の受け入れ方がある。)
(Buddhism a word. For many Japanese, Buddhism is also only an element of such "an ancient sacred-and-profane view." However, there are some Japanese who accepted Buddhism as a religion literally. The men made magic the Japanese "ancient sacred-and-profane view", and have refused it. Incidentally, the same is said of Christianity and there is two sorts of how to accept.)
試みに「古代聖俗観」を求めて、原-日本へ遡る。だが、水源は見つからない…。
A trial is asked for "an ancient sacred-and-profane view", and it goes back to field-Japan. But, a head is not found --
日本人の「古代聖俗観」を「神道」と名づけ、それを探求したのは本居宣長だ。折口信夫の「古代」も同じものだったのかも知れない。現代では、彼らが探求して見つけたものの多くは古代中国起源のものだったことがわかっている。では、日本人の「古代聖俗観」は中国人ゆずりのものなのか。形の多くはそうだろうし、心の一部も重なるだろう。それどころか、太古以来「中国人」や「朝鮮人」自身が数多く渡来し「日本」という土地にそのまま移り住んできた。が、それでも日本人は中国人や朝鮮人ではないだろう。
The Japanese "ancient sacred-and-profane view" was named "Shintoism", and Norinaga Motoori searched for it. Possibly Nobuo Origuchi's "ancient times" was the same. In the present age, although they searched and found it, it turns out that many were the things of the ancient China origin. Is Japanese "ancient sacred-and-profane view" the thing inherited from Chinese? It will play with formal [ many of ] right [ that ], and a part of heart will overlap. Since ancient times, not to mention it, many "Chinese people" and "North Korean" itself have come across the sea, and it has moved to the land "Japan" as it is. however, Japanese people's it are also neither Chinese people nor a North Korean.
時間は風景をすっかり変えてしまう。現代から少しずつ時代を遡ってようやく古代にたどり着くと、風景が変わってしまっている。折り紙のだまし船のように、いつのまにか別の場所に来てしまうのだ。「図と地」が変化して距離や方向感が惑わされてしまい、そこがどこだかわからなくなってしまう。民族、宗教、国家、すべての概念配置がいまとは違う世界だからだ。「日本」が構造(枠組み)として見えない。
Time will change scenery completely. If a time is gone back little by little from the present age and it arrives at last at ancient times, scenery will have changed. Origami will deceive and it will come to somewhere else unawares like a ship. "A figure and the ground" will change, distance and a sense of a direction will be confused, and it will not be clear anymore where that is. It is because a race, religion, a state, and all conceptual arrangement are the different worlds now. "Japan" is not seen as structure (framework).
ともあれ「日本」人は日本人となった。底が見えない井戸に測鉛を垂らすように、現代から古代へ日本人の精神文化を考えると、3つの層があるように思える。深層としての「古代聖俗観」文化、中間層としての中国大陸文化、表層としての西欧近代文化だ。日本人は精神の深層においては未だ「古代聖俗観」(の残り火)を保持しているのだ(これは聖俗の分離が完了していないことを意味する。日本人には多分に呪術的な世界観が未だ生きている)。それを現代の概念である宗教で分類したり理解したりすることはできない。古代の「日本」を現代の私たちが理解できないように。
The people from "Japan" turned into Japanese people anyway. If Japanese moral culture is considered from the present age to ancient times so that a plumb may be hung down to the well whose bottom cannot be seen, I can regard three layers as it being. They are the "ancient sacred-and-profane view" culture as the depths, the China continent culture as the middle class, and the Western modern culture as a surface. Japanese people still hold "the ancient sacred-and-profane view" (remains) in the mental depths (it means that separation of saint and laity has not completed this.). To Japanese people, the magic--much view of the world is still valid. He can classify it according to the religion which is a present-day concept, or cannot understand it. It is the same, Present-day we can understand ancient "Japan".
ところで、日本人の「古代聖俗観」がもっともよく表現されているのは、村や町の祭りである。ここで行なわれる大小の民俗祭事は宗教ではなく、「古代聖俗観」の祭事なのだ。もちろん、それらは寺社で行なわれ、形式は神道や仏教様式であるし、宗教的には神事や仏事として挙行されていることも十分承知している。しかし、そこに集う人々はそれらの祭りの心底に「古代聖俗観」を感じ取っているのだ。そういう意味で、断じて宗教行事に参加しているわけではない。たとえば、諏訪御柱祭、大阪天神祭、浅草三社祭、京都祇園祭を「宗教」行事として感じ、参加する人がどれほどいるだろうか。宗教行事と「古代聖俗観」としての民俗祭事とは、似て非なるものなのである。
By the way, it is the festival of a village or a town that the Japanese "ancient sacred-and-profane view" is most often expressed. the folk customs of the size performed here -- a festival is a festival of not religion but "an ancient sacred-and-profane view" Of course, they are performed at a temple company, form is Shintoism and a Buddhism style, and it is also agreed enough that it is religiously performed as a divine work or a Buddhist service. However, people who gather there take in "the ancient sacred-and-profane view" to from the bottom of their heart [ of those festivals ]. In such meaning, it has not necessarily participated in a religion event positively. For example, are Suwa Pillar Festival, Osaka Tenjin Festival, Asakusa Sanja Festival, and the Kyoto Gion festival felt as a "religion" event, and are there those [ any ] who participate however? A religion event is different to the folk customs as "an ancient sacred-and-profane view".
その一方で「日本教」徒もいる。日本人なら祭りに参加すべきだというのがこれだ。民俗ならぬ、民族宗教だ(民族という概念も後世のものだ。少なくとも「古代聖俗観」誕生時代にはなかった考え方である)。これまた無理な話だ。大半の日本人は「古代聖俗観」(の残り火)をまだ保持しているとしても、すでに宗教を選び取っている人たちもいる。たとえばクリスチャンに神社の鳥居をくぐることを強いてはならないだろう。この人たちにはこれらの祭りは紛うことなく宗教行事なのだから。また、「古代聖俗観」が残り火状態となり個人差も大きくなっている今となっては「日本人なら全員参加」は理不尽な強制である。
On the other hand, "Japanese 教" 徒 is also. If it is a Japanese, it is this that it should participate in a festival. It is the race religion not becoming 民俗 (the concept of a race is also the thing in future generations.). It is the view which was not in an "ancient sacred-and-profane view" birth time at least. They are this and an impossible talk. There are some persons who have already selected religion though a great portion of Japanese still holds "the ancient sacred-and-profane view" (embers). For example, probably, it must not force passing through the torii of a shrine upon Christian. Since it is a religion event, without mistaking these festivals to these men. Moreover, if "ancient-times saint-and-laity view" becomes the now when it will be in an embers state at and individual difference is also large and it is a "Japanese, all the members participating" is unreasonable compulsion.
そういうわけで祭り(民俗祭事)はいま危機にある。宗教行事、たとえば「神道行事だ」と他宗教宗派から非難される。一方で、人手不足から参加したくない者まで駆り出される。祭りは本来、「古代聖俗観」をともにする地域共同体のものであり、主体的に参加するものである。しかし職業分化と人口流動化が進んだいま、地域共同体はほとんど消滅してしまった。この上は、祭りは地域から解放されて自由になるべきではないか。地域とは無関係に「古代聖俗観」の残り方の多い者が担えばよいのではないだろうか。
A festival (folk customs festival) is in a crisis now by such a reason. It is blamed from another religion cult in a religion event, for example, "it is the Shintoism event." On the other hand, even those who do not want to participate from a labor shortage are gathered together. Originally, both festivals are the things of the local community which carries out "an ancient sacred-and-profane view", and participate actively. However, most local communities have been extinguished now when occupation specialization and population mobilization progressed. Besides, isn't a festival released from an area and should not become free? Probably, a person with much how depending on which "an ancient sacred-and-profane view" remains regardless of an area should just bear.
ともあれ、祭りの存続は以上の「古代聖俗観」の残り方にかかっているように思う。祭りを宗教行事としたら信徒以外には無用のものだ。また今時、民族祭事なんて時代錯誤である。宗教行事や民族祭事と位置づければ、祭りは死滅せざるを得ないであろう。根のない木はないのだから。
Anyway, continuation of a festival thinks that it has started how depending on which the above "ancient sacred-and-profane view" remains. When making a festival into a religion event, in addition to a believer, it is unnecessary. moreover, these days and a race -- it is anachronism in a festival etc. a religion event and a race -- a festival cannot but become extinct if it is regarded as a festival -- I will come out Because there is no rootless tree.
[主な典拠文献]
[The main source reference]
阿満利麿『日本人はなぜ無宗教なのか』ちくま新書
Ama Toshimaro [Why are Japanese people irreligious?] Chikuma pocketbooks